Region IV: North America, Central America, the Caribbean

The region's geographical extent and great diversity include ecosystems from the Arctic to the equator, such as tropical forests, islands, deserts, snow-covered landscapes and high mountains, representing a wide range of weather, water, and climate challenges.

An aerial view of a small island in the ocean.

Islet of Santa Cruz Island in the middle of the sea, in the background the island of Tintipan seen from the air in the archipelago of San Bernardo near the Rosario Islands in Cartagena, Colombia.

Adobe Stock Jhampier Giron

The WMO Region IV comprises 27 Members that fall within the scope of the WMO Regional Office for the Americas (RAM), which are served through the Representative Office for North America, Central America and the Caribbean (NCAC).

Due to its geographical complexity, the region is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones, droughts, floods, coastal surges, tornadoes and others, all of which are exacerbated by climate change. This situation calls for a multi-hazard early warning system and robust hydrometeorological services.

In terms of socio-economic parameters, WMO Region IV is composed mainly of developing economies many of which are small island developing states, but it also includes large developed countries, and on the opposite side it has least developing countries. This is reflected in the Human Development Index that ranges from very high human development to low human development in the region.

To facilitate the exchange of data and expertise to better prepare the region, the WMO Regional Office for the Americas articulates activities with key partners such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Caribbean Meteorological Organization (CMO), the Coordination Centre for the Prevention of Natural Disasters in Central America (CEPREDENAC), the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH), the Regional Committee on Hydraulic Resources (CRRH), the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA), the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), the UN Environment Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), among others. The focus is also on socioeconomic factors to contribute to the UN 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development.

Projects in the region

Strengthening Hydro-Meteorological and Multi-Hazard Early Warning Services in the Caribbean - Phase 2 (CREWS Caribbean 2.0)

The Caribbean is the second-most disaster-prone region in the world and is highly exposed to natural hazards such as hurricanes and tropical storms, floods, landslides, and storm surges. These hazards pose a risk to life and economic loss. To combat this, US$ 7 million in funding for a new three-year project in CARICOM countries in the Caribbean region has been granted by the Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) Initiative. 

Early Warning Systems for Floods (EWS-F)

With support from USAID Bureau of Humanitarian Assistance, The EWS-F targets 14 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in Central America, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Southwest Indian Ocean. The project was designed to expand WMO Members’ capabilities to better predict and manage floods, namely, riverine floods, urban floods, and flash floods as well as drought and other related hydrometeorological hazards. Integration with existing tools and interoperability of the systems are some of the core principles of this project. The efforts under this project are aligned with the EW4All initiative.

Support of the Hydrometeorological Unit of Haiti (UHM) for sustainable operability and the implementation of a relevant and efficient hydrometeorological warning system (CREWS Haiti)

Haiti is the only least-developed country in the Caribbean, and is further classified as a small island developing state (SIDS). Haiti scored “very high” on the 2018 INFORM Risk Index. Moreover, the World Bank’s “Natural Disaster Hotspot Study” ranked Haiti as one of the countries with the highest exposure to multiple hazards, and the SIDS with the highest vulnerability to tropical cyclones. The vulnerability of the Haitian population is caused by the exposure to hydrometeorological events including tropical storms and cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, floods, droughts as well as demographic factors such as poverty, high population density, the presence of settlements in low-lying areas and floodplains. Moreover, a lack of political stability, fiscal problems and weak public infrastructure increase the risk for the population. An essential step to achieve resilience to climatic shocks and a sustained development of the country is to secure efficient Hydro-meteorological services. This is the principal goal of this project. The CREWS Haiti project leverages the outcomes of the “Climate Services to Reduce Vulnerability in Haiti” project, which was funded by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) (2012-2019). The main achievements of this project included the construction of a zero-emission, hurricane and earthquake resistant building for the Unité Hydro Météorologique (UHM), the development and installation of a technical assistance package, providing UHM with the necessary technical equipment, and further training for weather forecasting, observation and aviation meteorology.

Intra-ACP Climate Services and Related Applications (ClimSA)

The adverse impacts of climate change are a major challenge to the socio-economic development of developing countries, particularly the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Land-locked Developing Countries (LLDCs). The 79 Members of the Organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS) are considered to be the most vulnerable countries to the existential threats of climate change. Yet Member States of the OACPS have contributed least to greenhouse gas emissions.The Intra-ACP Climate Services and related Applications Programme (ClimSA) is a EUR 85 M initiative of the OACPS and the European Union. It is an important investment under the 11th European Development Fund (EDF) aiming to strengthen the climate services value chain: from access to information, generation and provision of climate services to engagement and capacity building of users to ensure utilization of these services.ClimSA aims to support the climate information services value chain with technical assistance, financial assistance, and infrastructure and capacity building support to improve wide access and use of climate information and applications for decision making processes at all levels, in the six regions of the OACPS through eight Regional Climate Centres (RCCs).As main users of climate services and the bridge to other final users, the African Regional Economic Communities (RECs), the African Union Commission (AUC), the Caribbean Meteorological Organization (CMO) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) will be the focus of the action to ensure sustainability and utilization of climate services.

Flash Flood Guidance System with Global Coverage (FFGS)

Flash floods are among the world’s deadliest natural disasters with more than 5 000 lives lost annually. Their social, economic and environmental impacts are significant. Accounting for approximately 85% of flooding cases, flash floods also have the highest mortality rate among different classes of flooding, including riverine and coastal. Flash floods differ from river floods in their short time scales and occurrence on small spatial scales, which makes flash flood forecasting a different challenge from large-river flood forecasting. In flash floods forecasting, we are concerned mostly with the forecast of occurrence, and focus on two causative events: 1) intense rainfall; and 2) rainfall on saturated soils. Flash floods occur throughout the world, and the development times vary across regions from minutes to several hours depending on the land surface, geomorphological and hydrometeorological characteristics of the region. However, for the majority of these areas, there exists no formal process or capacity for developing flash flood warnings.

Strengthening Hydro-Meteorological and Early Warning Services in the Caribbean

The Caribbean region is highly exposed to natural hazards, in particular hydrometeorological hazards such as hurricanes and tropical storms, floods, landslides and storm surge, and has suffered in the past from numerous significant impacts. The capacity of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) and National Disaster Management Offices (NDMOs) in the region is highly varied - in some countries, especially the smaller ones, the NMHS consists of only a few people with limited technical training, while larger countries or foreign territories have far higher levels of capacity, training and technology. There are some collaboration and coordination mechanisms in place in the region. The CREWS Caribbean project targets both regional- and national-level priority areas to comprehensively strengthen hydromet services and Early Warning Systems (EWS) across the region. Project activities primarily focus on the 15 Caribbean Community (CARICOM) member countries, though the strategy considers all stakeholder groups engaged in EWS and risk management.

Building Resilience to High-Impact Hydro-Meteorological Events through Strengthening Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and South East Asia

Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) has allocated CAD $10 million to the project Building Resilience to High-Impact Hydro-Meterological Events through Strengthening Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and South East Asia, representing its institutional support to the Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) initiative. An additional CAD 3.3 million has been provided from the CREWS Multi-Donor Trust Fund. Running until March 2021, the multi-country project will strengthen weather-, climate-, and water-related impact-based decision support services, protecting lives and property in three regions: South East Asia, the Caribbean, and the Pacific.

Haiti Weather Systems Programme: Climate Services to Reduce Vulnerability

Assisting in the re-establishment and modernization of hydro-meteorological services in Haiti, while reducing its vulnerability to hazardous weather, climate and water events and climate change. With support from Environment and Climate Change Canada, the Haiti Weather Systems Programme: Climate Services to Reduce Vulnerability project assists in the re-establishment and modernization of hydro-meteorological services in the country, while reducing its vulnerability to hazardous weather, climate and water events and climate change. The project helps the national meteorological and hydrological service, Unité Hydrologique et Météorologique (UHM), in meeting the information requirements and needs of the Haitian users for real-time applications, and addressing the disaster risk reduction, civil aviation, agriculture and maritime sectors.

WMO Offices in the region

WMO Representative Office for North America, Central America and the Caribbean (NCAC)

Instituto Meteorológico Nacional

3er Piso, frente a Admisiones del Hospital Calderón Guardia,

Avenida 9, Calle 17, Barrio Aranjuez,

P.O Box 73350-1000

San José, Costa Rica

Email: rmartinez@wmo.int