The National Center of Meteorology (NCM) of Saudi Arabia Modernization Project is a five-year initiative (June 2026 – June 2031), funded by the NCM and implemented under a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and NCM Saudi Arabia. The project aims to strengthen Saudi Arabia's meteorological, early warning, and climate service capabilities in support of Saudi Vision 2030, the Saudi and Middle East Green Initiatives, and relevant WMO frameworks and standards. Through a phased modernization approach, the project will enhance NCM's operational capabilities, strengthen institutional resilience, and reinforce its regional leadership while improving the delivery of weather, climate, and early warning services.Phase I – Foundational Enhancements focuses on four complementary components developed jointly by WMO and NCM following a comprehensive technical assessment and a series of technical consultations: Observations, Forecasting, Information Technology & Cybersecurity, and Institutional Communications. Together, these investments will further strengthen the foundations of a modern, integrated, and internationally leading National Meteorological Service, creating the capabilities and enabling environment for NCM’s continued transformation and future modernization phases.

The CREWS Cambodia and Lao PDR 2.0 project marks a major step forward in enhancing early warning systems and climate resilience in the sub-region, in particular in Cambodia and Lao PDR. This four-year, USD 7.82 million CREWS investment will run from September 2025 to September 2029. This second phase will build on the strong foundation laid by the CREWS Cambodia and Lao PDR 1.0 project, which supported national institutions to improve their capabilities to forecast for key hazards such as floods and storms, make significant strides improving seasonal to sub-seasonal forecasting, and support flood preparedness at local levels as well as ensuring early warning systems are inclusive.The project will be led by WMO, working closely with other CREWS implementing partners World Bank and UNDRR, and will be strongly aligned with the Early Warnings for All Initiative. It will look to build on previous achievements to further strengthen the capacity of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) to deliver accurate, timely, and impact-based forecasts. A key priority will be to enhance capabilities for impact-based flood forecasting and to advance seasonal to sub-seasonal prediction in support of climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water management, and disaster risk reduction.Looking ahead, the project will emphasize the integration of modern technologies and impact-based forecasting methodologies to ensure early warning services are actionable and user-oriented, including applications for anticipatory action. Collaboration with key sectoral partners will be expanded to translate forecasts into sector-specific products and guidance that directly inform planning and decision-making.At the community level, the project will reinforce local preparedness and resilience through targeted training, flood risk mapping, and the development of improved response mechanisms such as evacuation planning and standard operating procedures. Particular attention will be paid to vulnerable and at-risk groups, ensuring that early warning systems are inclusive, accessible, and responsive to the needs of all communities. 

The CREWS South Asia project is a 4-year project with US$ 5.25 million in funding from the Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) Initiative. The project will strengthen collaboration between the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) of the South Asia region to improve the hydrometeorological and early warning services. The project will leverage the South Asia Hydromet Forum (SAHF) which is a regional initiative that provides capacity building and training activities to support NMHSs to generate and transform climate data into reliable information for timely action in saving lives and assets while strengthening the resilience of the communities in the region. SAHF was jointly established by WMO and World Bank in 2018.The WMO grant of US$ 5.07 million will be used to continue support to the various Working Groups of SAHF in the development of strategic documents and workplans, support to training activities, and the establishment of coordination mechanisms, technical platforms, and pilot initiatives to strengthen regional hydrometeorological services. 

Under the Horizon Europe RTD framework, the iClimateAction project aims to enhance the harmonization of Earth Observation activities among the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), iClimateAction explores how greater synergies can be developed across organizations in the creation, management, and utilization of climate data from Earth Observation (EO) to services.

Climate change is increasingly affecting agriculture across the globe, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where smallholder farmers face growing uncertainty from erratic rainfall, rising temperatures, and extreme weather events. These challenges threaten food security, livelihoods, and national economies.To address these pressing issues, the Agriculture Innovation Mechanism for Scale (AIM for Scale) was launched as a bold initiative to bring evidence-based agricultural innovations to scale—starting with weather services.  WMO is involved in the AIM for Scale Programme Weather Package as a technical advisory partner supported by a grant from the International Affairs Office at the Presidential Court of the UAE. The initiative aims to scale climate services for farmers in countries across Africa, Asia, and South America. Current engagement includes Bangladesh, Chile, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Nigeria, with expansion to 30 countries planned by 2027.WMO supports the initiative through technical advisory on the following aspects: Country engagement through NMHSs and WMO Regional Training Centres, coordination to align the programme with WMO priorities and initiatives.,  the application of climate services in the agriculture sector through innovative co-production processes, enhanced capacity building and trainings for NMHSs and extension actors ; guiding in development of AI-focused weather and agrometeorology training with partners like the Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), University of Chicago and WMO Members and regional centres.  As WMO Secretary-General Professor Celeste Saulo stated during COP29, " More and better data leads to better weather forecasts, early warning systems and climate information services for agriculture and other vital economic sectors. Closing basic data gaps will also help inform AI models.” Professor Saulo added that “the agriculture sector is undoubtedly one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate variability and change. Additional partnerships are needed to ensure that farmers are involved in the coproduction of weather and climate services which will enhance resilience and adaptation in the  agriculture sector.”  

The Global Heat Health Information Network is a UN-recognized, independent, voluntary, and member-driven forum co-sponsored by WHO, WMO, and NOAA, dedicated to improving global capacity to protect populations from extreme heat risks. Established in 2018, the Network fosters collaboration among scientists, practitioners, and policymakers through open access resources, public events, and inclusive learning.  The Network’s workplan prioritizes five key themes: urban heat, occupational heat stress, maternal and child health, cascading heat-related events, and indoor heat, as well as cross-cutting activities such as heat-health warning systems, heat health action planning and impact measurement. Organized around five strategic pillars, the Network enhances partnerships and capacity, advances science, and drives action to mitigate heat-related health risks, with a strong focus on low- and middle-income countries.  

The four-year pilot project in Anji County in China aims to utilize the Integrated Global Greenhouse Gas Information System (IG3IS) approach, namely accurate atmospheric measurements combined with inverse modeling, to assess the carbon sequestration capacity of the bamboo forest.  With the implementation of the Paris Agreement underway, it is important for national and subnational stakeholders to consider all available methodologies that can guide greenhouse gas emission mitigation and climate change adaptation. As the levels of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are controlled by the budget of the sources and sinks, one of the mitigation options is to increase the uptake of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (e.g. sequestration planning using different forest and land types).  Bamboo forests can be very good tools for carbon sequestration, total ecosystem bamboo forest carbon ranges from 94 to 392 tC/ha (Yuen et al., 2017). Most of large size bamboo species grow faster than fast growing tree species. Importantly, bamboo forest can be harvested selectively, annually with no damage to the environment. Harvested culms will be replaced by new culms within a year. With the modern technology, bamboo products can be made very durable, they can last for at least 30 years and can substitute for other materials such as wood, aluminum, PVC, concrete and metal.To account for bamboo forest emissions/uptake, some countries are using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories to report on bamboo, approximating bamboo with a tree, IPCC guidelines provide very specific details for measuring tree species but not for bamboos.  In this project, an innovative observations-based methodology complements the traditional approach to the emission inventory. The IG3IS provides a general framework for the observations-based emission/removals evaluation. In the case of the landscape scale application, like in this project, the methodology will be tested as applied to the small scale and complex terrain. Atmospheric observations will be used as an input to the high-resolution inverse models to deduct CO2 flux. Supplementary measurements will be used to attribute the fluxes to photosynthetic activity. These estimates will be then compared with the changes in carbon stocks calculated following emission inventory approach. The good practices from New Zealand will be used to guide methodological developments.  

In February 2019, WMO and KMA conducted a fact-finding mission for the project in Mongolia to ensure that most up-to-date situation assessment would be taken into account.  Based on the list of recommendations, a decision matrix was developed to prioritize with regard to degree of relevance, feasibility, urgency and scope with the stakeholders.  As a result of this process, three areas for investment were identified.Backup Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) for ZMCK (new international airport)Software for the display of WAFS dataLightning detector or real-time access to lightning data for ZMCK

The World Bank Group Hydromet Expert Services Central Asia Project seeks to enhance regional cooperation for effective delivery of climate and hydrological services. To achieve this, the project requires guidance in assessing service gaps related to transboundary water management, in alignment with global frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, the Early Warning for All (EW4All) Initiative, and the WMO Guidelines and Recommendations. To ensure that the specific needs and priorities of each country are fully understood, the World Bank, with support from WMO, proposes to conduct National Capacity Assessments (NCAT) for five Central Asian countries. These assessments will focus on water resources, operational hydrology, and cryosphere issues, ensuring that CAHMP-II addresses both regional and national needs while aligning with local development priorities. The assessments will also map hydrological service delivery requirements and confirm the validity of previous evaluations to reflect the current needs of the region. 

Since October 2018, and in response to the Paris Agreement (Article 7, paragraph 7 (c)) WMO and Green Climate Fund (GCF) have partnered to provide the global community with access to new climate information, tools, and guidance to facilitate the generation and use of climate information in support of climate action decisions, recognizing the contribution and value of science-based decision-making in responding to climate change.  Some of the products developed by WMO include a methodology for Developing the Climate Science Information for Climate Action (WMO-No. 1287), data, tools and associated technical resources for enhancing the climate science basis for GCF-funded projects and activities, as well as for National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and climate policies.  The aim of providing these products is to help all countries, in particular least developed countries (LDCs), small island developing states (SIDS) and developing countries to identify and select the most effective climate actions to address climate impacts. In doing so, the guidance can contribute to country-level decision-making and the mobilization of climate finance.The Climate Science Information for Climate Action (CSICA) initiative was officially launched in 2021 at the twenty-sixth Conference of Parties (COP 26) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Glasgow, Scotland. Furthermore, the GCF Board at its thirty-third Session in July 2022 adopted Decision 19 (GCF B.33/19) recognizing the results of the WMO-GCF collaboration and acknowledged the importance of scaling up the support for strengthening the capacity of all stakeholders to access, synthesize, and incorporate relevant climate science information into climate action policies, plans and investments, as well as enhancing the hydrological and meteorological systems and associated climate information services for low-carbon and climate-resilient development.Noting significant demand from countries, and high-level political support for this work, WMO is implementing the CSICA initiative through the provision of institutional coordination support, technical advisory services, capacity development and increased partnerships. 

Flash floods are among the world’s deadliest natural disasters with more than 5 000 lives lost annually. Their social, economic and environmental impacts are significant. Accounting for approximately 85% of flooding cases, flash floods also have the highest mortality rate among different classes of flooding, including riverine and coastal. Flash floods differ from river floods in their short time scales and occurrence on small spatial scales, which makes flash flood forecasting a different challenge from large-river flood forecasting. In flash floods forecasting, we are concerned mostly with the forecast of occurrence, and focus on two causative events: 1) intense rainfall; and 2) rainfall on saturated soils. Flash floods occur throughout the world, and the development times vary across regions from minutes to several hours depending on the land surface, geomorphological and hydrometeorological characteristics of the region. However, for the majority of these areas, there exists no formal process or capacity for developing flash flood warnings.

The Early Warnings for All Accelerator for LDCs and SIDS project targets seven countries: Comoros, Kiribati,  Madagascar, Mauritius, Nepal, Solomon Islands and Tonga. Economic and social life in these countries is intricately linked to climate and the natural environment, making them more vulnerable to climate variations and change. While the scale of disaster and climate impacts vary from country to country, the vulnerabilities in these countries stem from common factors: topography and complex geographies; reliance on climate-sensitive economic activities; water dependency; high debt burdens; and climate variability and emerging risks. The countries suffer from a combined average annual loss to disasters of over US$ 300 million.

This Sida-funded, inter-pillar project is led by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and designed to support the rollout of the Early Warnings for All (EW4All) Initiative. WMO is leading Pillar 2 activities—focused on observation, monitoring, analysis, and forecasting. The project aims to enhance the quality and accessibility of observation data, improve forecasting capabilities for priority hazards, and produce actionable, impact-based warnings, thereby strengthening national Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS). This initiative plays a vital role in establishing a robust foundation for early warning systems across participating countries.

Over half the global population lives in urban areas, 53% of which live in Asia, according to the World Cities Report (2016). Cities represent a driving force for social and economic development, but they face growing challenges due to climate change. Severe weather and climate events can have detrimental impacts on urban areas due to the density of exposed infrastructures and populations. Simultaneously, they have high levels of energy consumption, GHG emissions, and air pollution. New types of systems and services will therefore be required to assist cities facing a growing multitude of cascading and compounding hazards. Urban decision-makers can tackle these challenges more effectively by utilizing reliable meteorological, climate-related, and air quality data and prediction services. The WMO Integrated Urban hydrometeorological, climate and environmental Services (IUS) aids development of science-based integrated urban services to support safe, healthy, resilient and climate friendly cities. 

The Southeast Asia (SeA) region is highly vulnerable to the impacts of natural hazards. Hydrometeorological hazards, such as strong winds, floods, or droughts, and subsidiary hazards such as landslides, pose a direct threat to lives and, impact livelihoods by damaging and destroying infrastructure, assets and land. Underlying processes, including climate change impacts, population growth, land use change, and urbanisation patterns, are resulting in an increase in the number of people, infrastructure systems and services, livelihoods and assets in Cambodia and Lao PDR at risk from hydrometeorological hazards.  Although the governments of both Cambodia and Lao PDR continue to establish policies and mechanisms to help reduce and/or avoid some of the impacts of extreme events and disasters, significant challenges remain. Hence, in both countries, immediate preventive action is required to in order to accelerate the resilience of vulnerable populations. Therefore, the project will be jointly implemented by WMO, WB and UNDRR supporting the NMHSs and NDMOs of Cambodia and Lao PDR, respectively, in collaboration with other relevant stakeholders at the local, national and regional level to support this. 

Climate services are key for adapting to climate variability and change and providing crucial climate information that assists individuals and organizations in society for improved decision-making in climate sensitive sectors. The Climate Services Information System (CSIS) is one of the five pillars and operational backbone of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).  Bhutan is a landlocked country located in the Eastern Himalayas, with altitudes ranging from 150 to 7500 metres above sea level (msl). It has three distinct climate zones: the southern belt (150 - 2000 msl) is characterized by a hot and humid climate, the central belt (2000 - 4000 msl) is characterized by a cool temperature and the northern belt (above 4000 msl) is characterized by an alpine climate. Due to its geographic location and the mountainous terrain, it is vulnerable to changes in climate. The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) notes that addressing hydrometeorological disasters and strengthening of climate resilience are key priorities. One of the National Key Result Areas (NKRA) as part of the Twelfth Five Year Plan of RGoB (2018-2023) is to enhance capacity to respond, mitigate and adapt to climate change.  This project is aimed at developing the capacities of the National Centre for Hydrology and Meteorology (NCHM) for effective climate services in Bhutan which will be achieved via deployment of a customized Climate Services Toolkit (CST). NCHM will be able to apply climate services for decision making in climate sensitive sectors.

Afghanistan is prone to many hydrometeorological hazards that have adversly affected the lives, properties, and livelihoods of the Afghan people for centuries. The most frequent and devastating hydrometeorological hazards include floods, flash floods, droughts, landslides, avalanches, and extreme heat and cold. In recent years, Meteorological and Hydrological capacity in Afghanistan has been developed on a project basis within different goverment organizations. An analysis of the Afghanistan Meteorological Department (AMD) revealed deficiencies in many areas including: the culture of service delivery, quality and accessibility of data and information to meet user needs, and physical capacity for data analysis, quality control, interpretation, and optimum use of available resources.

The DE-RISK project will develop climate risk management systems, best practices and insurance products that will shield smallholder farmers and businesses engaged in producing coffee, sugar, rice, cassava, rubber, dairy, and grazing across the agricultural value chain in key SE Asia countries from physical and financial disaster associated with climate change. Climate change is threatening the livelihoods and food security of millions of poor smallholder farmers and agribusiness who depend on agriculture in the South East Asia region. Despite the fact that the El Nino/Southern Oscillation system has such a major impact in the region and the impacts of which will be exacerbated under climate change there is little application of seasonal climate forecasting in managing the associated risks in the agricultural sector. The ability to forecast extreme/unusual climate conditions months in advance is arguably one of the most potentially important developments in the environmental sciences of current times and this project aims at improving seasonal climate forecasting capabilities in Southeast Asia countries to better prepare smallholders farmers for future climate extremes and to increase climate resilience.

Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) has allocated CAD $10 million to the project Building Resilience to High-Impact Hydro-Meterological Events through Strengthening Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and South East Asia, representing its institutional support to the Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) initiative. An additional CAD 3.3 million has been provided from the CREWS Multi-Donor Trust Fund. Running until March 2021, the multi-country project will strengthen weather-, climate-, and water-related impact-based decision support services, protecting lives and property in three regions: South East Asia, the Caribbean, and the Pacific. 

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Millions of climate data are currently still available in paper format putting such valuable information at risk of being lost forever. Rescuing data improves climate change research and allows a better understanding of our climate.